Incentive spirometry (InSp) promotes maximum sustained lung aspiration through visual and positive feedback, aiming to improve alveolar ventilation and functional residual capacity. While commonly used in post-operative patients, its efficacy remains uncertain, particularly due to methodological limitations related to patient compliance. A notable gap exists in research evaluating InSp in non-surgical, dyspneic patients with conditions such as congestive heart failure, pneumonia, COPD exacerbation, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. To address these inconsistencies in clinical practice and reduce healthcare costs, the effectiveness of InSp will be assessed. The results will inform standard care practices for a broader patient population. 

Implementing incentive spirometry in non-surgical, dyspneic patients is expected to enhance clinical outcomes, reduce hospital stays and supplemental oxygen dependency, and provide critical evidence to inform and optimize standard care practices for a broader patient population.